Which statement best describes a Theory X manager according to Douglas McGregor's ideas?

A Theory X manager, as defined by Douglas McGregor, operates under the assumption that employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work when possible. This belief leads to the conclusion that they require constant oversight and supervision to ensure that productivity is maintained and tasks are completed. The Theory X perspective posits that without supervision, employees lack the motivation to work effectively, which encourages managers to take a more authoritarian approach to leadership. This stands in contrast to the assumptions of Theory Y, where managers believe that employees are self-motivated and can thrive in a work environment that fosters independence and creativity.