Which principle suggests that managers should focus on deviations from expected outcomes for better effectiveness?

The principle that suggests managers should focus on deviations from expected outcomes for better effectiveness is the Exception principle. This principle emphasizes that a manager's attention should be directed towards significant deviations from standard performance or expected results rather than day-to-day operations that are running smoothly. By concentrating on exceptions, managers can ensure that they are addressing issues that may impact the overall performance of the organization.

This approach enables managers to prevent small problems from escalating into larger ones by highlighting areas that require intervention and facilitating better decision-making. It also allows for a more efficient allocation of managerial resources, as leaders can prioritize their efforts on areas that present the most significant challenges or opportunities for improvement.

The other principles mentioned, such as unity of command, chain of command, and span of control, are related to organizational structure and management hierarchy. While they deal with how authority and responsibilities are organized within a company, they do not directly address the concept of focusing managerial attention on exceptional circumstances or deviations from expected performance, which is the core aspect of the Exception principle.