Which motivation theory focuses on individuals’ perceptions of what they can achieve and the rewards associated with those achievements?

Vroom's Expectancy-Valence Theory is the motivation theory that emphasizes individuals' expectations about their ability to achieve certain outcomes and the value they place on those outcomes. This theory operates on three key components: expectancy, which is the belief that one's effort will lead to performance; instrumentality, which is the belief that performance will lead to certain rewards; and valence, which is the perceived value of those rewards.

In this context, the theory highlights the significance of perceptions regarding one’s potential achievements and the associated rewards. It underscores how individuals are motivated to act based on their beliefs about what they can accomplish and how much they desire the resulting rewards. Therefore, understanding and leveraging these perceptions can significantly influence employee motivation and performance in a supervisory role.

The other theories mentioned, while they offer valuable insights into motivation, do not specifically center on the individual’s perceptions of achievable outcomes and their associated rewards in the same way. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y focuses on managerial attitudes toward employees rather than the individual’s perception of their capabilities. Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory separates factors that lead to job satisfaction from those that cause dissatisfaction, rather than exploring the connection between achievement and rewards. Alderfer's ERG Theory addresses different levels of needs—